Example: The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27oC. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ/kg. Determine the pressure and temperatures at all salient points of the air standard Otto cycle. Also, calculate the specific work and the thermal efficiency of the cycle for a compression ratio of 8 : 1. [Take Cp/Cv = 1.4 and Cv = 0.72 kJ/kg K]
Solution: Given that :
P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 27oC = 27 + 273 = 300 K
qs = 1500 kJ/kg
Cv = 0.72 kJ / kg K
Cp / Cv = 1.4
Analysis of process
Process (1-2): Rev. adiabatic compression
⇒ P1V1∏ = P2V2∏
P2/P1 = (V1/V2)∏
P2 = 100 X (8)1.4 = 1837.92 kPa
T2 / T1 = (V1/V2) ∏–1
⇒ T2 = 300 (8)0.4 = 689.22 K
Process (2-3): Constant volume heat supply
⇒ P2/T2 = P3/T3
Heat supplied; qs = Cv (T3 – T2)
⇒ 1500 = 0.72 (T3 – 689.22)
⇒ T3 = 2772.55 K
P3 = (P2 / T2).T3 = 2772.55 X (1837.92 / 689.22)
⇒ P3 = 7393.48 kPa
Process (3-4): Rev. adiabatic expansion
⇒ P3V3∏ = P4V4∏
⇒ P4 / P3 = (V3 / V4)∏ = (V2 / V1)∏
⇒ P4 = P3 (V2 / V1)∏ = 7393.48 (1/8)1.4 = 402.28 kPa
T4 / T3 = (P4 / P3)∏–1/∏ = (402.28 / 7393.48)0.4/1.4
T4 = T3 × (P4 / P3)∏–1/∏ = 2772.55 (402.28 / 7393.48)0.4/1.4
⇒ T4 = 1206.83 K
Heat rejected qR = Cv (T4 – T1)
= 0.72 (1206.83 – 300)
= 652.92 kJ/kg
Specific work output = wexpansion + wcompression
From first law:
∫δw = ∫ δq =qs - qR
= 1500 – 652.92 = 847.08 kJ/kg
∴ ∏thermal = ∫δw/qs = 847.08/1500 = 0.5647 (or 56.48%)
Example : In an air standard Otto cycle, the compression ratio is 7 and the compression begins at 35oC, 0.1 MPa. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1100oC. Find
(a) The temperature and pressure at the cordinal points of the cycle
(b) The heat supplied per kg of air
(c) The work done per kg of air
(e) The mean effective pressure of the cycle
Solution: Given that:
Compression ratio: r = 7
Inlet temperature, T1 = 35 + 273 = 308 K
Maximum temperature, t3 = 1100 + 273 = 1373 K
Process (1-2): Isentropic process
T2 / T1 = (V1 / V2)∏–1 = (P2 / P1)∏–1/∏
⇒ T2 = 308 (7)1.4–1 = 670.80 K
Also T3 / T4 = (V4 / V3)∏–1
⇒ T4 = T3 / r∏–1 = 1373 / (7)1.4–1
⇒ T4 = 630.42 K
And P2 / P1 = (V1/V2)∏
⇒ P2 = 0.1 X´ (7)1.4
⇒ P2 = 1.524 MPa
For Isochoric process (2-3)
P2 / T2 = P3 / T3
⇒ P3 = T3 / T2 X P2 = 1.524 X (1373 / 630.42) = 3.319 MPa
P3/P4 = (V1/V2)∏
⇒ P4 = 3.319 / (7)1.4 = 0.2177 MPa
∴ T1 = 308 K, P1 = 1 bar
T2 = 670.80 K, P2 = 15.24 bar
T3 = 1373 K, P3 = 33.19 bar
T4 = 630.42 K; P4 = 2.177 bar
(b) heat supplied per kg of air = Cv (T3 – T2)
= 0.718 (1373 – 670.80) = 504.18 kJ/kg
(c) Work done per kg of air = ∫δw = ∫δq = 2q3 + 4q1
⇒ ∫δw = Cv (T3 - T2) + Cv (T1 - T4) = Cv (T3 - T2) - Cv (T4 - T1)
= 0.718 (1373 – 670.80) – 0.718 (630.42 – 308) = 272.68 kJ/kg
(d) ∏cycle = ∫δw/qs = 272.68 / 504.18 X 100 = 54.08%
(e) m.e.p. = Wnet / V1 – V2 = 272.68 /V1 – V2
P1V1 = mRT1
V1 = 0.287 X 623 / 0.1 X 103 = 1.78 m3 / kg
V1/V2 = 7 or V2 = V1/7 = 1.78/7 = 0.254 m3 / kg
m.e.p. = 272.68 (kJ/kg) / (1.78 – 0.254) (m3/kg) = 178.72 kN/m2 = 1.79 bar