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Reactions of Monosaccharides

The chemistry of monosaccharides is the chemistry of the component aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols that make up these molecules. One example of how the chemistry of carbohydrates is the same as the chemistry of ketones is in their reaction with NaBH₄.
Reduction to Alditols. Both ketoses and aldoses can be reduced with NaBH₄ to reduced forms, known as alditols. With ketoses, this often produces 2 diastereomeric alditols.

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뉴시스 | 박성환 | 입력 2012.10.30 05:02

gcc

 .file "test1.c"
 .def ___main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef
 .section .rdata,"dr"
LC0:
 .ascii "a's value is %d\12\0"
 .text
 .globl _main
 .def _main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef
_main:
LFB6:
 .cfi_startproc
 pushl %ebp
 .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8
 .cfi_offset 5, -8
 movl %esp, %ebp
 .cfi_def_cfa_register 5
 andl $-16, %esp
 subl $32, %esp
 call ___main
 movl $1, 28(%esp)
 movl 28(%esp), %eax
 movl %eax, 4(%esp)
 movl $LC0, (%esp)
 call _printf
 leave
 .cfi_restore 5
 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4
 ret
 .cfi_endproc
LFE6:
 .def _printf; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef


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C:\work\gzstream\gzstream>gcc gzstream.C -I /. -o test.exe
In file included from gzstream.C:29:0:
gzstream.h:35:18: fatal error: zlib.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.

C:\work\gzstream\gzstream>gcc gzstream.C -I /. -o test.exe

enantiomer

http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/RS-2Sterctr.html

첨체반응acrosomal reaction

12.7.2

Fertilization Process

When activated animal sperms approach the ovum surface, they are blocked by special matrices called the zona pellucida or the vitelline membrane. The zona pellucida mainly consists of three glycoproteins, Z1, Z2 and Z3. The Z3 protein species-specifically binds to Z3 receptors on the plasma membrane of sperms (Fig. 12-15). This binding triggers the acrosome reaction (Fig. 12-15), in which hydrolase stored in the acrosomal vesicle of a sperm is released to the zona pellucida and degrades it, allowing the sperm to penetrate. Fusion of the ovum plasma membrane and the sperm plasma membrane then occurs, and the sperm nucleus enters the ovum.
In addition to introducing a paternal gene set to an ovum, the sperm also activates the ovum. In mammals, when a sperm fuses with the surface of an ovum, there is a local increase in the level of intracellular Ca²⁺, which is then transmitted to the entire ovum in a wave-like motion (known as a calcium wave; see Fig. 9-4A in Chapter 9) and activates the ovum. In the activated ovum, hydrolase is secreted from the cortical granules in the cell to the zona pellucida, thus changing its nature to block the entry of other sperms. On the other hand, the Ca²⁺ signal drives the developmental program of the ovum, leading the fertilized egg to the next stages of development. These sperm roles can be replaced with physical or chemical treatment. As an example, a frog ovum can be activated by a pinprick. In some organisms, the ovum is activated without a sperm and develops into a complete organism. This type of development is called parthenogenesis.